AST
ALT
Alkaline Phosphatase / GGT
LDH
Bilirubin

AST (Serum Glutamic-Oxalocetic Transaminase - SGOT ) - found primarily in the liver, heart, kidney, pancreas, and muscles. Seen in tissue damage, especially heart and liver.

Normal Adult Range: 0 - 42 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 21

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ALT (Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase - SGPT) - Decreased SGPT in combination with increased cholesterol levels is seen in cases of a congested liver. We also see increased levels in mononucleosis, alcoholism, liver damage, kidney infection, chemical pollutants or myocardial infarction

Normal Adult Range: 0 - 48 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 24

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ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE - Used extensively as a tumor marker it is also present in bone injury, pregnancy, or skeletal growth (elevated readings. Low levels are sometimes found in hypoadrenia, protein deficiency, malnutrition and a number of vitamin deficiencies

Normal Adult Range: 20 - 125 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 72.5
Normal Childrens Range: 40 - 400 U/L
Optimal Childrens Reading: 220

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GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase) - Elevated levels may be found in liver disease, alcoholism, bile-duct obstruction, cholangitis, drug abuse, and in some cases excessive magnesium ingestion. Decreased levels can be found in hypothyroidism, hypothalamic malfunction and low levels of magnesium.

Normal Adult Female Range: 0 - 45 U/L
Optimal Female Reading: 22.5
Normal Adult Male Range: 0 - 65 U/L
Optimal Male Reading: 32.5

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LDH (Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase) - Increases are usually found in cellular death and/or leakage from the cell or in some cases it can be useful in confirming myocardial or pulmonary infarction (only in relation to other tests). Decreased levels of the enzyme may be seen in cases of malnutrition, hypoglycemia, adrenal exhaustion or low tissue or organ activity.

Normal Adult Range: 0 - 250 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 125

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BILIRUBIN, TOTAL - Elevated in liver disease, mononucleosis, hemolytic anemia, low levels of exposure to the sun, and toxic effects to some drugs, decreased levels are seen in people with an inefficient liver, excessive fat digestion, and possibly a diet low in nitrogen bearing foods

Normal Adult Range 0 - 1.3 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: .65

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