Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Carbon Dioxide - CO2
Calcium
Phosphorus
Anion Gap
Calcium/Phosphorus Ratio
Sodium/Potassium

SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant cation (pronounced cat-ion) in the blood and its chief base. It functions in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and neurologic symptoms.

Normal Adult Range: 135-146 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 140.5

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POTASSIUM - Potassium is the major intracellular cation. Very low value: Cardiac arythemia.

Normal Range: 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5

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CHLORIDE - Elevated levels are related to acidosis as well as too much water crossing the cell membrane. Decreased levels with decreased serum albumin may indicate water deficiency crossing the cell membrane (edema).

Normal Adult Range: 95-112 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 103

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CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) - The CO2 level is related to the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide in the lungs and is part of the bodies buffering system. Generally when used with the other electrolytes, it is a good indicator of acidosis and alkalinity.

Normal Adult Range: 22-32 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 27
Normal Childrens Range - 20 - 28 mEq/L
Optimal Childrens Reading: 24

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CALCIUM - involved in bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function. Regulated by parathyroid.

Normal Adult Range: 8.5-10.3 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 9.4

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PHOSPHORUS - Generally inverse with Calcium.

Normal Adult Range: 2.5 - 4.5 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
Normal Childrens Range: 3 - 6 mEq/dl
Optimal Childrens Range: 4.5

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ANION GAP (Sodium + Potassium - CO2 + Chloride) - An increased measurement is associated with metabolic acidosis due to the overproduction of acids (a state of alkalinity is in effect). Decreased levels may indicate metabolic alkalosis due to the overproduction of alkaloids (a state of acidosis is in effect).

Normal Adult Range: 4 - 14 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 9

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CALCIUM/PHOSPHORUS Ratio

Normal Adult Range: 2.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.8
Normal Children’s range: 1.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Children’s Reading: 2.3

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SODIUM/POTASSIUM

Normal Adult Range: 26 - 38 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 32

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